{"id":"PYSEC-2026-2948","summary":"PraisonAI has unsafe tool resolution in `ToolExecutionMixin.execute_tool`: undeclared `__main__` callables execute","details":"### Summary\n`praisonaiagents` resolves unresolved tool names against module globals and `__main__` after it fails to match the declared tool list and the registry. With the default agent configuration, `_perm_allow` is `None`, so undeclared non-dangerous tool names are not rejected by the permission gate. An attacker who can influence tool-call names can therefore invoke unintended application callables that were never declared as tools.\n\n### Details\nThe vulnerable resolution path is in [`[tool_execution.py](https://github.com/Users/shmulc/Documents/Codex/2026-05-03/please-go-over-tmp-tp-advisories/repos/PraisonAI/src/praisonai-agents/praisonaiagents/agent/tool_execution.py:734)`](/Users/shmulc/Documents/Codex/2026-05-03/please-go-over-tmp-tp-advisories/repos/PraisonAI/src/praisonai-agents/praisonaiagents/agent/tool_execution.py:734). After searching declared tools and the registry, execution falls back to `globals()` and then `__main__`:\n\n```python\nfunc = None\nfor tool in self.tools if isinstance(self.tools, (list, tuple)) else []:\n    ...\n\nif func is None:\n    try:\n        from ..tools.registry import get_registry\n        registry = get_registry()\n        func = registry.get(function_name)\n    except ImportError:\n        pass\n\nif func is None:\n    func = globals().get(function_name)\n    if not func:\n        import __main__\n        func = getattr(__main__, function_name, None)\n```\n\nIf a callable is found, it is executed directly:\n\n```python\nelif callable(func):\n    casted_arguments = self._cast_arguments(func, arguments)\n    return func(**casted_arguments)\n```\n\nThe permission gate does not enforce a declared-tool allowlist by default. In [`[tool_execution.py](https://github.com/Users/shmulc/Documents/Codex/2026-05-03/please-go-over-tmp-tp-advisories/repos/PraisonAI/src/praisonai-agents/praisonaiagents/agent/tool_execution.py:550)`](/Users/shmulc/Documents/Codex/2026-05-03/please-go-over-tmp-tp-advisories/repos/PraisonAI/src/praisonai-agents/praisonaiagents/agent/tool_execution.py:550), execution is only rejected if `_perm_allow` is non-`None`:\n\n```python\nif self._perm_deny and function_name in self._perm_deny:\n    return {\"error\": f\"Tool '{function_name}' blocked by permission policy\", \"permission_denied\": True}\nif self._perm_allow is not None and function_name not in self._perm_allow:\n    return {\"error\": f\"Tool '{function_name}' not in allowed tools list\", \"permission_denied\": True}\n```\n\nDefault agent initialization sets `_perm_allow = None`, which means \"allow all\" rather than \"allow only declared tools\" in [`[agent.py](https://github.com/Users/shmulc/Documents/Codex/2026-05-03/please-go-over-tmp-tp-advisories/repos/PraisonAI/src/praisonai-agents/praisonaiagents/agent/agent.py:1749)`](/Users/shmulc/Documents/Codex/2026-05-03/please-go-over-tmp-tp-advisories/repos/PraisonAI/src/praisonai-agents/praisonaiagents/agent/agent.py:1749):\n\n```python\nself._perm_deny = frozenset()  # Permission tier deny set (empty = no denials)\nself._perm_allow = None        # Permission tier allow set (None = allow all)\n```\n\nThe project's own tests confirm that default agents have no allowlist and that undeclared custom tool names pass approval:\n\n- [`[test_permissions.py](https://github.com/Users/shmulc/Documents/Codex/2026-05-03/please-go-over-tmp-tp-advisories/repos/PraisonAI/src/praisonai-agents/tests/unit/test_permissions.py:56)`](/Users/shmulc/Documents/Codex/2026-05-03/please-go-over-tmp-tp-advisories/repos/PraisonAI/src/praisonai-agents/tests/unit/[test_permissions.py](https://github.com/Users/shmulc/Documents/Codex/2026-05-03/please-go-over-tmp-tp-advisories/repos/PraisonAI/src/praisonai-agents/tests/unit/test_permissions.py:142):56) asserts that a default `Agent` has `_perm_allow is None`.\n- [`test_permissions.py`](/Users/shmulc/Documents/Codex/2026-05-03/please-go-over-tmp-tp-advisories/repos/PraisonAI/src/praisonai-agents/tests/unit/test_permissions.py:142) explicitly checks that `agent._check_tool_approval_sync(\"my_custom_tool\", {})` passes for an undeclared tool name.\n\n**Empirical verification:**\n\nI verified the bypass locally on commit `d8a8a786915dc67a7c3021e24f72458f2eac5d9c` (`v4.6.35`) by defining a callable only in `__main__`, giving the agent an empty `tools` list, and invoking `execute_tool()` with that undeclared name. The tool executor ran the `__main__` function anyway.\n\n### PoC\n**Environment**\n- Repo: `MervinPraison/PraisonAI`\n- Commit: `d8a8a786915dc67a7c3021e24f72458f2eac5d9c`\n- Verified against PyPI package versions available on May 3, 2026:\n  - `praisonaiagents` `1.6.35`\n  - `PraisonAI` `4.6.35`\n- Python 3\n\n**Steps**\n1. From the repository root, run:\n\n```bash\npython3 - \u003c\u003c'PY'\nimport sys\nfrom unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch\n\nsys.path.insert(0, '/Users/shmulc/Documents/Codex/2026-05-03/please-go-over-tmp-tp-advisories/repos/PraisonAI/src/praisonai-agents')\nfrom praisonaiagents.agent.tool_execution import ToolExecutionMixin\n\ndef sneaky(msg='ok'):\n    return {'ran': msg}\n\nclass HookRunner:\n    def execute_sync(self, *args, **kwargs):\n        return []\n    def is_blocked(self, results):\n        return False\n\nclass Dummy(ToolExecutionMixin):\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.name = 'demo'\n        self.tools = []\n        self.chat_history = []\n        self._hook_runner = HookRunner()\n        self.context_manager = None\n        self._doom_loop_tracker = None\n        self._perm_deny = frozenset()\n        self._perm_allow = None\n        self._approval_backend = None\n\nmock_registry = MagicMock()\nmock_registry.approve_sync.return_value = MagicMock(approved=True, reason='mock', modified_args=None)\nmock_registry.mark_approved = MagicMock()\n\nwith patch('praisonaiagents.approval.get_approval_registry', return_value=mock_registry):\n    agent = Dummy()\n    print(agent.execute_tool('sneaky', {'msg': 'hello'}))\n    print(mock_registry.approve_sync.call_args)\nPY\n```\n\n**Expected output**\n```text\n{'ran': 'hello'}\ncall('demo', 'sneaky', {'msg': 'hello'})\n```\n\nThe important point is that `sneaky` was never declared in `self.tools` and was only present in `__main__`.\n\n### Impact\n- **Any deployment that lets an untrusted party influence tool-call names**: undeclared application callables can run even though they were never registered as tools.\n- **Operators who rely on the declared tool list as a security boundary**: that boundary is broken because unresolved names fall through to `globals()` and `__main__`.\n- **Applications that keep privileged helper functions in process scope**: the attacker can reuse those helpers with the application's own privileges, which can lead to unauthorized state changes and, depending on what is loaded, data exposure or command execution.","aliases":["CVE-2026-44339","GHSA-gmjg-hv98-qggq","PYSEC-2026-2915"],"modified":"2026-07-13T16:43:19.578925618Z","published":"2026-07-13T15:15:43.509397Z","references":[{"type":"WEB","url":"https://github.com/MervinPraison/PraisonAI/security/advisories/GHSA-gmjg-hv98-qggq"},{"type":"ADVISORY","url":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-44339"},{"type":"PACKAGE","url":"https://github.com/MervinPraison/PraisonAI"},{"type":"PACKAGE","url":"https://pypi.org/project/praisonaiagents"},{"type":"ADVISORY","url":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-gmjg-hv98-qggq"}],"affected":[{"package":{"name":"praisonaiagents","ecosystem":"PyPI","purl":"pkg:pypi/praisonaiagents"},"ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"0"},{"fixed":"1.6.37"}]}],"versions":["0.0.1","0.0.10","0.0.100","0.0.101","0.0.102","0.0.103","0.0.104","0.0.105","0.0.106","0.0.107","0.0.108","0.0.109","0.0.11","0.0.110","0.0.111","0.0.112","0.0.113","0.0.114","0.0.115","0.0.116","0.0.117","0.0.118","0.0.119","0.0.12","0.0.120","0.0.121","0.0.122","0.0.123","0.0.124","0.0.125","0.0.126","0.0.127","0.0.128","0.0.129","0.0.13","0.0.130","0.0.131","0.0.132","0.0.133","0.0.134","0.0.135","0.0.136","0.0.137","0.0.138","0.0.139","0.0.14","0.0.140","0.0.141","0.0.142","0.0.143","0.0.144","0.0.145","0.0.146","0.0.147","0.0.148","0.0.149","0.0.15","0.0.150","0.0.151","0.0.152","0.0.153","0.0.154","0.0.155","0.0.156","0.0.157","0.0.158","0.0.159","0.0.16","0.0.160","0.0.161","0.0.162","0.0.163","0.0.164","0.0.165","0.0.166","0.0.167","0.0.168","0.0.169","0.0.17","0.0.170","0.0.171","0.0.172","0.0.173","0.0.174","0.0.175","0.0.176","0.0.177","0.0.178","0.0.179","0.0.18","0.0.180","0.0.181","0.0.182","0.0.183","0.0.184","0.0.185","0.0.187","0.0.188","0.0.189","0.0.19","0.0.190","0.0.191","0.0.192","0.0.193","0.0.194","0.0.195","0.0.196","0.0.197","0.0.198","0.0.199","0.0.2","0.0.20","0.0.21","0.0.22","0.0.23","0.0.24","0.0.25","0.0.26","0.0.27","0.0.28","0.0.29","0.0.3","0.0.30","0.0.31","0.0.32","0.0.33","0.0.34","0.0.35","0.0.36","0.0.37","0.0.38","0.0.39","0.0.4","0.0.40","0.0.41","0.0.42","0.0.43","0.0.44","0.0.45","0.0.46","0.0.47","0.0.48","0.0.49","0.0.5","0.0.50","0.0.51","0.0.52","0.0.53","0.0.54","0.0.56","0.0.57","0.0.58","0.0.59","0.0.6","0.0.60","0.0.61","0.0.62","0.0.63","0.0.64","0.0.65","0.0.66","0.0.67","0.0.68","0.0.69","0.0.7","0.0.70","0.0.71","0.0.72","0.0.73","0.0.74","0.0.75","0.0.76","0.0.77","0.0.78","0.0.79","0.0.8","0.0.80","0.0.81","0.0.82","0.0.83","0.0.84","0.0.85","0.0.86","0.0.87","0.0.88","0.0.89","0.0.9","0.0.90","0.0.91","0.0.92","0.0.93","0.0.94","0.0.95","0.0.96","0.0.97","0.0.98","0.0.99","0.1.0","0.1.1","0.1.10","0.1.11","0.1.12","0.1.13","0.1.14","0.1.15","0.1.16","0.1.17","0.1.18","0.1.19","0.1.2","0.1.20","0.1.21","0.1.22","0.1.23","0.1.24","0.1.25","0.1.26","0.1.27","0.1.3","0.1.4","0.1.5","0.1.6","0.1.7","0.1.8","0.1.9","0.10.0","0.10.1","0.10.10","0.10.2","0.10.3","0.10.4","0.10.5","0.10.6","0.10.7","0.10.8","0.10.9","0.11.0","0.11.1","0.11.10","0.11.11","0.11.12","0.11.13","0.11.14","0.11.15","0.11.16","0.11.17","0.11.18","0.11.19","0.11.2","0.11.20","0.11.21","0.11.22","0.11.23","0.11.24","0.11.25","0.11.27","0.11.28","0.11.29","0.11.3","0.11.30","0.11.31","0.11.4","0.11.5","0.11.6","0.11.7","0.11.8","0.11.9","0.12.0","0.12.1","0.12.10","0.12.11","0.12.12","0.12.13","0.12.14","0.12.15","0.12.16","0.12.17","0.12.18","0.12.19","0.12.2","0.12.20","0.12.21","0.12.3","0.12.4","0.12.5","0.12.6","0.12.7","0.12.8","0.12.9","0.13.0","0.13.1","0.13.10","0.13.11","0.13.12","0.13.13","0.13.14","0.13.15","0.13.16","0.13.17","0.13.18","0.13.19","0.13.2","0.13.20","0.13.21","0.13.22","0.13.23","0.13.3","0.13.4","0.13.5","0.13.6","0.13.7","0.13.8","0.13.9","0.14.0","0.14.1","0.14.10","0.14.11","0.14.12","0.14.14","0.14.15","0.14.16","0.14.2","0.14.3","0.14.4","0.14.5","0.14.6","0.14.7","0.14.8","0.14.9","0.15.0","0.15.1","0.15.2","0.15.3","0.2.0","0.2.1","0.2.2","0.3.0","0.3.1","0.3.2","0.3.3","0.3.4","0.4.0","0.4.1","0.5.0","0.5.1","0.5.2","0.5.3","0.6.0","0.6.1","0.6.2","0.6.3","0.6.4","0.6.5","0.6.6","0.6.7","0.6.8","0.7.0","0.7.1","0.8.0","0.8.1","0.9.0","0.9.1","1.0.0","1.1.0","1.2.0","1.2.1","1.2.2","1.2.3","1.2.4","1.3.0","1.3.1","1.4.0","1.4.1","1.4.2","1.4.3","1.4.4","1.4.5","1.4.6","1.4.7","1.4.8","1.5.0","1.5.1","1.5.10","1.5.100","1.5.101","1.5.102","1.5.103","1.5.104","1.5.105","1.5.106","1.5.107","1.5.108","1.5.109","1.5.11","1.5.110","1.5.111","1.5.112","1.5.113","1.5.114","1.5.115","1.5.116","1.5.117","1.5.118","1.5.119","1.5.12","1.5.120","1.5.121","1.5.122","1.5.123","1.5.124","1.5.125","1.5.126","1.5.127","1.5.128","1.5.129","1.5.13","1.5.130","1.5.131","1.5.132","1.5.133","1.5.134","1.5.135","1.5.136","1.5.137","1.5.138","1.5.139","1.5.14","1.5.140","1.5.141","1.5.142","1.5.143","1.5.144","1.5.145","1.5.146","1.5.147","1.5.148","1.5.149","1.5.15","1.5.16","1.5.17","1.5.18","1.5.19","1.5.2","1.5.20","1.5.21","1.5.22","1.5.23","1.5.24","1.5.25","1.5.26","1.5.27","1.5.28","1.5.29","1.5.3","1.5.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