{"id":"PYSEC-2026-2915","summary":"PraisonAI has unsafe tool resolution in `ToolExecutionMixin.execute_tool`: undeclared `__main__` callables execute","details":"### Summary\n`praisonaiagents` resolves unresolved tool names against module globals and `__main__` after it fails to match the declared tool list and the registry. With the default agent configuration, `_perm_allow` is `None`, so undeclared non-dangerous tool names are not rejected by the permission gate. An attacker who can influence tool-call names can therefore invoke unintended application callables that were never declared as tools.\n\n### Details\nThe vulnerable resolution path is in [`[tool_execution.py](https://github.com/Users/shmulc/Documents/Codex/2026-05-03/please-go-over-tmp-tp-advisories/repos/PraisonAI/src/praisonai-agents/praisonaiagents/agent/tool_execution.py:734)`](/Users/shmulc/Documents/Codex/2026-05-03/please-go-over-tmp-tp-advisories/repos/PraisonAI/src/praisonai-agents/praisonaiagents/agent/tool_execution.py:734). After searching declared tools and the registry, execution falls back to `globals()` and then `__main__`:\n\n```python\nfunc = None\nfor tool in self.tools if isinstance(self.tools, (list, tuple)) else []:\n    ...\n\nif func is None:\n    try:\n        from ..tools.registry import get_registry\n        registry = get_registry()\n        func = registry.get(function_name)\n    except ImportError:\n        pass\n\nif func is None:\n    func = globals().get(function_name)\n    if not func:\n        import __main__\n        func = getattr(__main__, function_name, None)\n```\n\nIf a callable is found, it is executed directly:\n\n```python\nelif callable(func):\n    casted_arguments = self._cast_arguments(func, arguments)\n    return func(**casted_arguments)\n```\n\nThe permission gate does not enforce a declared-tool allowlist by default. In [`[tool_execution.py](https://github.com/Users/shmulc/Documents/Codex/2026-05-03/please-go-over-tmp-tp-advisories/repos/PraisonAI/src/praisonai-agents/praisonaiagents/agent/tool_execution.py:550)`](/Users/shmulc/Documents/Codex/2026-05-03/please-go-over-tmp-tp-advisories/repos/PraisonAI/src/praisonai-agents/praisonaiagents/agent/tool_execution.py:550), execution is only rejected if `_perm_allow` is non-`None`:\n\n```python\nif self._perm_deny and function_name in self._perm_deny:\n    return {\"error\": f\"Tool '{function_name}' blocked by permission policy\", \"permission_denied\": True}\nif self._perm_allow is not None and function_name not in self._perm_allow:\n    return {\"error\": f\"Tool '{function_name}' not in allowed tools list\", \"permission_denied\": True}\n```\n\nDefault agent initialization sets `_perm_allow = None`, which means \"allow all\" rather than \"allow only declared tools\" in [`[agent.py](https://github.com/Users/shmulc/Documents/Codex/2026-05-03/please-go-over-tmp-tp-advisories/repos/PraisonAI/src/praisonai-agents/praisonaiagents/agent/agent.py:1749)`](/Users/shmulc/Documents/Codex/2026-05-03/please-go-over-tmp-tp-advisories/repos/PraisonAI/src/praisonai-agents/praisonaiagents/agent/agent.py:1749):\n\n```python\nself._perm_deny = frozenset()  # Permission tier deny set (empty = no denials)\nself._perm_allow = None        # Permission tier allow set (None = allow all)\n```\n\nThe project's own tests confirm that default agents have no allowlist and that undeclared custom tool names pass approval:\n\n- [`[test_permissions.py](https://github.com/Users/shmulc/Documents/Codex/2026-05-03/please-go-over-tmp-tp-advisories/repos/PraisonAI/src/praisonai-agents/tests/unit/test_permissions.py:56)`](/Users/shmulc/Documents/Codex/2026-05-03/please-go-over-tmp-tp-advisories/repos/PraisonAI/src/praisonai-agents/tests/unit/[test_permissions.py](https://github.com/Users/shmulc/Documents/Codex/2026-05-03/please-go-over-tmp-tp-advisories/repos/PraisonAI/src/praisonai-agents/tests/unit/test_permissions.py:142):56) asserts that a default `Agent` has `_perm_allow is None`.\n- [`test_permissions.py`](/Users/shmulc/Documents/Codex/2026-05-03/please-go-over-tmp-tp-advisories/repos/PraisonAI/src/praisonai-agents/tests/unit/test_permissions.py:142) explicitly checks that `agent._check_tool_approval_sync(\"my_custom_tool\", {})` passes for an undeclared tool name.\n\n**Empirical verification:**\n\nI verified the bypass locally on commit `d8a8a786915dc67a7c3021e24f72458f2eac5d9c` (`v4.6.35`) by defining a callable only in `__main__`, giving the agent an empty `tools` list, and invoking `execute_tool()` with that undeclared name. The tool executor ran the `__main__` function anyway.\n\n### PoC\n**Environment**\n- Repo: `MervinPraison/PraisonAI`\n- Commit: `d8a8a786915dc67a7c3021e24f72458f2eac5d9c`\n- Verified against PyPI package versions available on May 3, 2026:\n  - `praisonaiagents` `1.6.35`\n  - `PraisonAI` `4.6.35`\n- Python 3\n\n**Steps**\n1. From the repository root, run:\n\n```bash\npython3 - \u003c\u003c'PY'\nimport sys\nfrom unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch\n\nsys.path.insert(0, '/Users/shmulc/Documents/Codex/2026-05-03/please-go-over-tmp-tp-advisories/repos/PraisonAI/src/praisonai-agents')\nfrom praisonaiagents.agent.tool_execution import ToolExecutionMixin\n\ndef sneaky(msg='ok'):\n    return {'ran': msg}\n\nclass HookRunner:\n    def execute_sync(self, *args, **kwargs):\n        return []\n    def is_blocked(self, results):\n        return False\n\nclass Dummy(ToolExecutionMixin):\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.name = 'demo'\n        self.tools = []\n        self.chat_history = []\n        self._hook_runner = HookRunner()\n        self.context_manager = None\n        self._doom_loop_tracker = None\n        self._perm_deny = frozenset()\n        self._perm_allow = None\n        self._approval_backend = None\n\nmock_registry = MagicMock()\nmock_registry.approve_sync.return_value = MagicMock(approved=True, reason='mock', modified_args=None)\nmock_registry.mark_approved = MagicMock()\n\nwith patch('praisonaiagents.approval.get_approval_registry', return_value=mock_registry):\n    agent = Dummy()\n    print(agent.execute_tool('sneaky', {'msg': 'hello'}))\n    print(mock_registry.approve_sync.call_args)\nPY\n```\n\n**Expected output**\n```text\n{'ran': 'hello'}\ncall('demo', 'sneaky', {'msg': 'hello'})\n```\n\nThe important point is that `sneaky` was never declared in `self.tools` and was only present in `__main__`.\n\n### Impact\n- **Any deployment that lets an untrusted party influence tool-call names**: undeclared application callables can run even though they were never registered as tools.\n- **Operators who rely on the declared tool list as a security boundary**: that boundary is broken because unresolved names fall through to `globals()` and `__main__`.\n- **Applications that keep privileged helper functions in process scope**: the attacker can reuse those helpers with the application's own privileges, which can lead to unauthorized state changes and, depending on what is loaded, data exposure or command execution.","aliases":["CVE-2026-44339","GHSA-gmjg-hv98-qggq","PYSEC-2026-2948"],"modified":"2026-07-13T16:43:19.578925618Z","published":"2026-07-13T15:15:43.603623Z","references":[{"type":"WEB","url":"https://github.com/MervinPraison/PraisonAI/security/advisories/GHSA-gmjg-hv98-qggq"},{"type":"ADVISORY","url":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-44339"},{"type":"PACKAGE","url":"https://github.com/MervinPraison/PraisonAI"},{"type":"PACKAGE","url":"https://pypi.org/project/praisonai"},{"type":"ADVISORY","url":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-gmjg-hv98-qggq"}],"affected":[{"package":{"name":"praisonai","ecosystem":"PyPI","purl":"pkg:pypi/praisonai"},"ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"0"},{"fixed":"4.6.37"}]}],"versions":["0.0.1","0.0.10","0.0.11","0.0.12","0.0.13","0.0.14","0.0.15","0.0.16","0.0.17","0.0.18","0.0.19","0.0.2","0.0.20","0.0.21","0.0.22","0.0.23","0.0.24","0.0.25","0.0.26","0.0.27","0.0.28","0.0.29","0.0.3","0.0.30","0.0.31","0.0.32","0.0.33","0.0.34","0.0.35","0.0.36","0.0.37","0.0.38","0.0.39","0.0.4","0.0.40","0.0.41","0.0.42","0.0.43","0.0.44","0.0.45","0.0.46","0.0.47","0.0.48","0.0.49","0.0.5","0.0.50","0.0.52","0.0.53","0.0.54","0.0.55","0.0.56","0.0.57","0.0.58","0.0.59","0.0.59rc11","0.0.59rc2","0.0.59rc3","0.0.59rc5","0.0.59rc6","0.0.59rc7","0.0.59rc8","0.0.59rc9","0.0.6","0.0.61","0.0.64","0.0.65","0.0.66","0.0.67","0.0.68","0.0.69","0.0.7","0.0.70","0.0.71","0.0.72","0.0.73","0.0.74","0.0.8","0.0.9","0.1.0","0.1.1","0.1.10","0.1.2","0.1.3","0.1.4","0.1.5","0.1.6","0.1.7","0.1.8","0.1.9","1.0.0","1.0.1","1.0.10","1.0.11","1.0.2","1.0.3","1.0.4","1.0.5","1.0.6","1.0.8","1.0.9","2.0.0","2.0.1","2.0.10","2.0.11","2.0.12","2.0.13","2.0.14","2.0.15","2.0.16","2.0.17","2.0.18","2.0.19","2.0.2","2.0.20","2.0.22","2.0.23","2.0.24","2.0.25","2.0.26","2.0.27","2.0.28","2.0.29","2.0.3","2.0.30","2.0.31","2.0.32","2.0.33","2.0.34","2.0.35","2.0.36","2.0.37","2.0.38","2.0.39","2.0.40","2.0.41","2.0.42","2.0.43","2.0.44","2.0.45","2.0.46","2.0.47","2.0.48","2.0.49","2.0.5","2.0.50","2.0.51","2.0.53","2.0.54","2.0.55","2.0.56","2.0.57","2.0.58","2.0.59","2.0.6","2.0.60","2.0.61","2.0.62","2.0.63","2.0.64","2.0.65","2.0.66","2.0.67","2.0.68","2.0.69","2.0.7","2.0.70","2.0.71","2.0.72","2.0.73","2.0.74","2.0.75","2.0.76","2.0.77","2.0.78","2.0.79","2.0.8","2.0.80","2.0.81","2.0.9","2.1.0","2.1.1","2.1.4","2.1.5","2.1.6","2.2.1","2.2.10","2.2.11","2.2.12","2.2.13","2.2.14","2.2.15","2.2.16","2.2.17","2.2.18","2.2.19","2.2.2","2.2.20","2.2.21","2.2.22","2.2.24","2.2.25","2.2.26","2.2.27","2.2.28","2.2.29","2.2.3","2.2.30","2.2.31","2.2.32","2.2.33","2.2.34","2.2.35","2.2.36","2.2.37","2.2.38","2.2.39","2.2.4","2.2.40","2.2.41","2.2.42","2.2.43","2.2.44","2.2.45","2.2.46","2.2.47","2.2.48","2.2.49","2.2.5","2.2.50","2.2.51","2.2.52","2.2.53","2.2.54","2.2.55","2.2.56","2.2.57","2.2.58","2.2.59","2.2.6","2.2.60","2.2.61","2.2.62","2.2.63","2.2.64","2.2.65","2.2.66","2.2.67","2.2.68","2.2.69","2.2.7","2.2.70","2.2.71","2.2.72","2.2.73","2.2.74","2.2.75","2.2.76","2.2.77","2.2.78","2.2.79","2.2.8","2.2.80","2.2.81","2.2.82","2.2.83","2.2.84","2.2.86","2.2.87","2.2.88","2.2.89","2.2.9","2.2.90","2.2.91","2.2.93","2.2.95","2.2.96","2.2.97","2.2.98","2.2.99","2.3.0","2.3.1","2.3.10","2.3.11","2.3.12","2.3.13","2.3.14","2.3.15","2.3.16","2.3.18","2.3.19","2.3.2","2.3.20","2.3.21","2.3.22","2.3.23","2.3.24","2.3.25","2.3.26","2.3.27","2.3.28","2.3.29","2.3.3","2.3.30","2.3.31","2.3.32","2.3.33","2.3.34","2.3.35","2.3.36","2.3.37","2.3.38","2.3.39","2.3.4","2.3.40","2.3.41","2.3.42","2.3.43","2.3.44","2.3.45","2.3.46","2.3.47","2.3.48","2.3.49","2.3.5","2.3.50","2.3.51","2.3.52","2.3.53","2.3.54","2.3.55","2.3.56","2.3.57","2.3.58","2.3.59","2.3.6","2.3.60","2.3.61","2.3.62","2.3.63","2.3.64","2.3.65","2.3.66","2.3.67","2.3.68","2.3.69","2.3.7","2.3.70","2.3.71","2.3.72","2.3.73","2.3.74","2.3.75","2.3.76","2.3.77","2.3.78","2.3.79","2.3.8","2.3.80","2.3.81","2.3.82","2.3.83","2.3.84","2.3.85","2.3.86","2.3.87","2.3.9","2.4.0","2.4.1","2.4.2","2.4.3","2.4.4","2.5.0","2.5.1","2.5.2","2.5.3","2.5.4","2.5.5","2.5.6","2.5.7","2.6.0","2.6.1","2.6.2","2.6.3","2.6.4","2.6.5","2.6.6","2.6.7","2.6.8","2.7.0","2.8.3","2.8.4","2.8.5","2.8.6","2.8.7","2.8.8","2.8.9","2.9.0","2.9.1","2.9.2","3.0.0","3.0.1","3.0.2","3.0.3","3.0.4","3.0.5","3.0.6","3.0.7","3.0.8","3.0.9","3.1.0","3.1.1","3.1.2","3.1.3","3.1.4","3.1.5","3.1.6","3.1.7","3.1.8","3.1.9","3.10.0","3.10.1","3.10.10","3.10.11","3.10.12","3.10.13","3.10.14","3.10.15","3.10.16","3.10.17","3.10.18","3.10.19","3.10.2","3.10.20","3.10.21","3.10.22","3.10.23","3.10.24","3.10.25","3.10.26","3.10.27","3.10.3","3.10.4","3.10.5","3.10.6","3.10.7","3.10.8","3.10.9","3.11.0","3.11.1","3.11.10","3.11.11","3.11.12","3.11.13","3.11.14","3.11.2","3.11.3","3.11.4","3.11.8","3.11.9","3.12.0","3.12.1","3.12.2","3.12.3","3.2.0","3.2.1","3.3.0","3.3.1","3.4.0","3.4.1","3.5.0","3.5.1","3.5.2","3.5.3","3.5.4","3.5.5","3.5.6","3.5.7","3.5.8","3.5.9","3.6.0","3.6.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